The Civil Fleet is a fleet of civilian monitoring and rescue vessels patrolling the Mediterranean, now the deadliest migration route in the world. When Mediterranea Saving Humans was first founded, the organisations active in the Central Mediterranean could be counted on the fingers of one hand. Now the Civil Fleet is made up of 24 organizations and has more than 20 ships and planes. The joint coordinated action of the fleet guarantees the continuous, constant presence of civil society on the world’s deadliest border, carrying out monitoring and maritime search and rescue operations.
The Civil Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre (MRCC) is a coordination and documentation platform for people in distress in the Central Mediterranean Sea.
With over 20,000 migrants dead or gone missing since 2014, the Central Mediterranean is one of the world’s deadliest borders. The deaths in this area are not accidental. They are the result of policies, actions and omissions financed and enacted by the European Union and its member states.
With so many people choosing or being forced to risk their lives crossing the Central Mediterranean to seek protection in Europe, the EU member states, rather than guaranteeing a safe entry channel, have set up a system of mass forced repatriation to Libya and Tunisia.
The maritime authorities of the EU member states in the region have consequently become ever more dysfunctional, adopting a practice of systematic omissions and delayed responses while facilitating forced repatriation, in contravention of the laws of the sea and international human rights treaties.
The Civil MRCC was thus founded to guarantee the rescue of people in distress at sea and their disembarkation in a safe place, in strict compliance with international law.
This is Echoes, a news and analysis bulletin on the situation of SAR activities in the Central Mediterranean. You can find fully downloadable issues of Echoes here in English.
Echoes is produced by the Civil MRCC, (the Civil Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre), a platform for people in distress in the Central Mediterranean Sea.
COMMEMOR'ACTION!
CommemorActions took place on February 6 across dozens of cities in Europe and North and West Africa. Relatives of the disappeared participated in many meetings and demonstrations to commemorate their missing loved ones and to condemn the deadly EU border regime. For more than thirty years, the direct or indirect violence
of border regimes has continued to cause death and disappearances along migratory routes. Shipwrecks occur in succession, often marked by the lack of assistance and, at times, the active involvement of Coast Guards and Frontex. The number of people disappearing without a trace, either at sea or in the desert, keeps increasing.
For more than thirty years, families and all those fighting for equal mobility rights have continuously demanded truth and justice for these victims. In coming mobilizations to commemorate 10 years of the summer of migration and of the starting of the civil fleet, we should amplify and give visibility to these voices.
Since the beginning of 2025:
• 5,877 people arrived to Italy and Malta by sea, many of whom arrived autonomously (UNHCR figures up to February 23)
• 1,025 people were rescued by the civil fleet from more than 20 boats in distress (CMRCC figure up to February 26).
• 3,855 people were pushed back to Libya after they were intercepted by the EU-supported so-called Libyan Coast Guard (IOM figure up to February 15).
• 101 people have been reported dead or missing on the Central Mediterranean Route (IOM figure up to February 15).
11 March 2025 — Published by Civil MRCC
10 YEARS OF STRUGGLE
In 2025, several civil sea rescue organizations will look back to the last 10 years of their fight for safe passage. 2025 is also 10 years since the historic summer of
migration. The memories of these months of hard-won freedom of movement from Athens to Stockholm and with demonstrations of welcome all over Europe appear
today as something from another time and world. Yet through the chains of migration these struggles are closely linked to current refugee and migration movements and are likely an important factor in their ongoing tenacity and assertiveness. In the Central Mediterranean fewer people were able to reach Italy this last year compared to record numbers in 2023. In the eastern and in the western Mediterranean/Atlantic regions the numbers have increased once more. In total, a remarkable number of about 200,000 people reached the southern European coasts in 2024.
In 2024:
03 March 2025 — Published by Civil MRCC
EVACUATION, NOT EXTERNALISATION
Three years ago, in October 2021, “evacuation now” was the main slogan of the historic sit-in led by Refugees in Libya, when they demonstrated for 100 days in
front of UNHCR’s office in Tripoli. The network born from that protest in the meanwhile is also organizing across Europe. Evacuation remains a central demand, along with accountability and policy change, for this important self-organized movement within the broader collective struggle for the right to move for everyone.
“Evacuation not Externalization“ is the title of an event from and with Refugees in Libya in October in Berlin. The campaign is challenging the repressive and right-wing
rollback all over Europe and beyond, underlining what Medico International formulated recently: “Europe’s shift to the right began with migration policy. And it must end there too.”
In 2024:
15 January 2025 — Published by Civil MRCC
HOLD TIGHT
Summertime 2024: the frequency of civil fleet rescue cooperations in the Central Mediterranean is increasing again to almost a daily level. A Tunisian Search and
Rescue Region is established to extend the EU push-back regime. After the Tories were voted out of office, the UK-Rwanda agreement is finally dead. The Meloni
government counts on the Albania deal to deter people on the move from reaching Italian coasts. Repeatedly the administrative seizure of rescue ships by the Piantedosi decree is stopped by court decisions. Louise Michel is detained for another 20 days in Lampedusa. NGOs announce to get operative with two more
rescue ships within next months…
Still and again: contested spaces. Still and again: the movements of migration and the struggles for safe passages will continue!
Since the beginning of the year 2024:
• 29, 553 people have arrived to Italy and Malta by sea (UNHCR figures as of July 14)
• 4,903 people were rescued by the civil fleet by more than 85 boats in distress (CMRCC figures until June 30)
• 798 people are reported dead or missing on the Central Mediterranean Route (UNHCR figures as of July 14)
• 10, 463 people were intercepted and returned to Libya by the EU supported so-called Libyan Coast Guard (IOM figures as of July 13)
02 August 2024 — Published by Civil MRCC
LIBERATION DAY
The man on the picture liberated himself when he jumped from a so-called Libyan Coast Guards ship into the sea and escaped an intended pushback to Libya. A few
days after, the IUVENTA crew liberated themselves from a seven-year long odyssey of criminalization, after the court finally had to drop all charges. Now celebrated as
a public holiday in Italy, the 25th of April marks the day in 1945 when a call was launched on nationwide radio broadcast for a popular uprising and general strike
against the Nazi occupation and Fascist regime in Italy.
At the same time, still and again, rescue ships continue to be detained and blocked by the Italian post-fascist government, while the EU strives to tighten the
externalization of its brutal border regime. During the last weeks, billion euro deals with Egypt and with Lebanon have been initiated to control and to deter migration
movements… For liberation of all, the struggles continue!
Since the beginning of the year 2024:
• 16,065 people have arrived to Italy and 68 to Malta by sea (UNHCR figures as of April 28), most of them autonomously
• 2,701 people were rescued by the civil fleet by more than 45 boats in distress (CMRCC figures until April 30)
• 474 people are reported dead or missing on the Central Mediterranean Route (UNHCR figures as of May 2)
• 4,492 people were intercepted and returned to Libya by the EU-supported so-called Libyan Coast Guard (IOM figures as of April 27)
13 May 2024 — Published by Civil MRCC
NO BORDERS, NO PROBLEM
Detaining Civil Fleet ships means letting more people die at sea….
Italian courts are apparently asserting their independence. For Albania or the Iuventa crew, in Catania or in Brindisi, on a legal level, Meloni, Piantedosi &co. have suffered severe setbacks in recent weeks. At the same time, Italian authorities continue to misuse administrative measures to detain rescue ships in even more arbitrary ways. They know they will lose again on a legal level, but they try to win, or, better formulated, to “weaponize” time: to let more people on the move drown or get pushbacked as a policy of deterrence. It is therefore all the more important that solidarity with and between the civil fleet actors remains strong!
Since the beginning of the year 2024:
· 7,516 people arrived toItaly by boat, a significant number of whomarrived autonomously (UNHCR figures as of March 17)
· 1,186 people were rescued by the civil fleet from more than 180 boats indistress (CMRCC figures)
· 383people who fled via the Central Mediterranean are reported dead or missing. Those figures do not take into account invisible shipwrecks (UNHCR figures as of March 24)
2,738 people were pushed back to Libya after they were intercepted bythe EU-supported so-called Libyan Coast Guard (IOM figures as of March 16)
30 March 2024 — Published by Civil MRCC
BORDER IN MOTION
2023, a year marked by a large increase in sea arrivals in comparison to the year before, and not only on the Central Mediterranean route. 2023, a year of intensified attempts by the EU to expand border control in collaboration with its autocratic partners in North Africa. 2023, another year of even tougher racist agitation and deprivation of rights all throughout Europe and beyond.
Borders have been challenged and have shifted on various levels and directions this past year. It is not difficult to predict that this conflict will continue and possibly escalate in 2024. As Civil MRCC, we promise to stay at the side of refugees and migrants and in solidarity with their daily struggles to practice freedom of movement and find a safer and better life.
In 2023:
• 157.314 people arrived to Italy and Malta by sea, a significant number of whom arrived autonomously (UNHCR figures until 30 November)
• 12.523 people were rescued by the civil fleet from more than 230 boats in distress (CMRCC figures until 31 December)
• 17.025 people were pushed back to Libya after they were intercepted by the EU-supported so-called Libyan Coast Guard (IOM figures) and 48.074 people were intercepted by the Tunisian authorities (FTDES figures until 30 November)
• 1.902 people have been reported dead or missing on the Central Mediterranean Route (UNHCR figures until 31 December) including 1.300 people who fled Tunisia (FTDES figures).
27 February 2024 — Published by Civil MRCC
NEVER FORGET, NVER FORGIVE
On 11th of October 2023 an impressive commemorAction took place near the port of Lampedusa to remember the victims of the big shipwrecks ten years ago and at the same time to point out the responsibility of the European border regime in the ongoing death at sea that continues to this day. According to IOM figures, in 2023 another 2480 people died adding to the 17,000 deaths and disappearances recorded by MMP since 2014.
As safe passage was denied to people on the move, they were killed by a racist policy of migration control, determent, and externalization. We will never forget and never forgive those state border crimes while we continue our support for and our solidarity with all people on the move.
Since the beginning of the year 2023:
· 144.675 people arrived in Italy by boat, a significant number of whom arrived autonomously (UNHCR figure until November 5)
· 10.693 people were rescued by the civil fleet from more than 200 boats in distress (CMRCC figure until October 31)
· 14.894 people were pushed back to Libya after they were intercepted by the EU-supported so-called Libyan Coast Guard (UNHCR figures as of November 4) and 44.092 people were intercepted by the Tunisian authorities (FTDES figures until October 31)
· 2.188 people have been reported dead or missing on the Central Mediterranean Route (IOM figures until November 18) including 1.293 people who fled Tunisia (FTDES figures until October 31).
06 January 2024 — Published by CivilMRCC
STRUGGLES FOR FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
With 112 landings and more than 5000 people on the move reaching Lampedusa in one single day, the 12th of September 2023 marked a new level of breaking through the Central Mediterranean borders. While we have already highlighted the tenacity of refugees and migrants in our last issues with reports and pictures from the last months, in September the dynamics reached another peak point. It remembers - not in its dimension but in its moments and spirit - the summer of migration in the Aegean Sea and on the Balkan route in 2015: a volatile situation of, on the one hand, humanitarian crises, border violence, and deaths at sea, and on the other hand, the powerful struggle for freedom of movement with thousands of people overcoming the violent and racist border regime.
Since the beginning of the year 2023:
05 October 2023 — Published by Civil MRCC
MOVING ON
While the situation in Libya did not improve, the conditions for refugees and migrants in Tunisia continuously worsened during the last few months. Against this background, more than 75.000 people made it to Italian shores until the middle of July 2023. On the 29th of June, a record number of 46 boats reached Lampedusa in a single day, mainly coming from Sfax. The arrival of so many people on the island forced the Italian government to accelerate the transfer process to the mainland. Thousands of people on the move find themselves in a chaotic transit situation in southern Italy. Right when they were just able to overcome one of the deadliest border areas in the world, they are confronted with the attempts of the government to maintain control and filter out people for detention and deportation. Solidarity at sea and on land is needed to resist the racist selection and deterrence policies!
Since the beginning of the year 2023:
• 76.325 people arrived in Italy by boat, a significant number of whom arrived autonomously (UNHCR figure until the 15th of July).
• 6.134 people were rescued by the civil fleet from 99 boats in distress (CMRCC figure).
• 8.718 people were pushed back to Libya after they were intercepted by the EU-supported so-called Libyan Coast Guard (IOM figures until 8th July) and 32.792 people were intercepted by the Tunisian authorities. (FTDES figures until 30th June)
• 1.728 people who fled Libya died or are reported missing (IOM figures until 8th July) and 608 people who fled Tunisia died or are reported missing (FTDES figures untill 30th June).
25 July 2023 — Published by Civil MRCC
A HIGHLY CONTESTED SPACE
While the welcoming of refugees from Ukraine demonstrates that another approach with free movement and free choice is always possible, the racist policy of externalising and brutalising the European border regime in the south blatantly continues. At the same time, an increasing number of boats reached close to Italian shores without any support, an expression of a contested space in which the autonomies of migration remain constantly alive.
Despite and against the post-fascist Meloni government, which is backed up by EUpolicies, money and Frontex operations, people exercise their right to move against all risks, obstacles and state-led border crimes. Italian Coast Guard units are forced to coordinate rescues in international waters, while the civil fleet appears with even more rescue ships than last year. We have to expect a „hot“ summer - beyond the climate crisis - and the future is unwritten.
In any case, the struggle to abolish the inhuman borders will continue.
During the first 4 months of the year 2023:
• 45.089 people arrived in Italy by boat, of which a significant number arrived autonomously (UNHCR figure until 14th of May)
• 3.175 people were rescued by the civil fleet from 44 boats in distress (CMRCC figure)
• 5.058 people were pushed back to Libya after they were intercepted by the EU-supported so-called Libyan Coast Guard (IOM figures until the 15th of May)
• 975 died or are reported missing (IOM figure).
18 May 2023 — Published by Civil MRCC
NO ONE IS ILLEGAL!
Abandoning people at sea as daily practice and policy in Malta. Repression of the Italian government against the civil fleet, while a shipwreck at the coast of Calabria was not prevented and another one was intentionally provoked in international sea.
An escalation of racism and violence against black people promoted by the Tunisian president. In three main articles, we try to cover and to contextualize the horrific recent developments in the Central Mediterranean region. We do it with the promise, never to accept the death at sea, the murderous EU border regime and its externalisation attempts to North-African countries. We will go on to fight for safe passage and an open Mediterranean space, in and from both sides of the coast. Solidarity will win, no one is illegal!
During the first two months of the year 2023:
• 14.543 people arrived in Italy by boat and of which a significant number arrived autonomously (UNHCR figure until the 6th of March).
• 995 people were rescued by the civil fleet from 16 boats in distress (CMRCC figure).
• 3.046 people were pushed back to Libya after they were intercepted by the EU-supported so-called Libyan Coast Guard (IOM figures until the 4th of March). This number is additional to the shipwreck in front of Crotone where 70 people who departed from Turkey lost their lives. 335 people who fled Libya died or are reported missing (IOM figure).
31 March 2023 — Published by Civil MRCC
STRUGGLES ALONG THE TUNISIAN ROUTE
Early in January 2023, the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International cooperation, Antonio Tajani, announced that he will go "soon" to visit Tunisia to ask the Tunisian authorities for a stronger commitment to combat the “irregular departures” of migrants and to encourage a greater number of repatriations. Shortly before, the EU Council adopted an action plan proposed by the Commission to further increase controls in the central Mediterranean. Alongside Egypt and Libya, Tunisia is targeted to “develop jointly targeted actions to prevent irregular departures, support more effective border and migration management, and reinforce search and rescue capacities”.
While Tunisia has seen an increase in departures from its coastline in recent months, it is increasingly the target of European countries' border externalization policies and controls are being tightened along the route to Italy. While this route is still not well known by civil SAR actors, the CMRCC proposes to dedicate this 4th issue of Echoes to developments and struggles along the Tunisian route.
During the year 2022:
▪ 104 484 people arrived in Italy and 450 in Malta, of which a significant number arrived autonomously (UNHCR figures)
▪ 12 467 people were rescued by the civil fleet from 199 boats in distress (CMRCC figures)
▪ 24 684 people were pushed back to Libya after they were intercepted by the EU supported so-called Libyan Coast Guard (IOM figures)
▪ 1 377 people died or are reported missing (IOM figures)
23 January 2023 — Published by Civil MRCC
AGAINST FASCISM AND RACISM, SOLIDARITY WILL WIN!
At the end of September 2022, the arrival in power in Italy of a post-fascist party has reinforced a discourse of hatred, promoting racism and closed borders. As more pronounced attacks against civil sea rescue NGOs already begin to take place, it is clear that civil society will feature as one of the targets of the new government. We, as Civil MRCC repeat loud and clear: against fascism, solidarity will win! We will continue to fight together and with people on the move for an open Mediterranean! In “Echoes“, the bimonthly publication of the CMRCC, significant aspects of SAR in the Central Med are reflected upon, current topics discussed, analysis and research presented and the self-organized struggles of refugees and migrants highlighted.
From the 1st of January 2022 until the 31st of October 2022:
▪ Around 80 000 people arrived in Italy, of which a significant number arrived autonomously (UNHCR figures)
▪ 11 346 people were rescued by the civil fleet from 182 boats in distress (CMRCC figures)
▪ 16 621 people were pushed back to Libya, and 1129 people died or are reported missing (IOM figures until 3rd of October)
01 November 2022 — Published by Civil MRCC
MISSING AT THE EU BORDERS
CommemorAction - a verbal combination of mourning and anger - developed by relatives, survivors and supporters as an outcry to the ongoing racist murder at the borders. In reference to the transnational days of CommemorAction in the beginning of September in Zarzis/Tunisia, we dedicate this 2nd issue of Echoes to the people missing and drowned at sea.
Not without emphasizing once again, however, at the beginning - that death at sea (as more generally the continuing death and suffering at the borders) is nothing natural and inevitable, but rather takes place as the result of the EU visa and border regime which has been built up over the past decades. This can change! The Ukrainian war shows that when there is a political will to welcome refugees, there is also a way. Open borders and safe passage made possible trains, ferries and flights - what better way to immediately stop the death at the borders? We as the Civil MRCC stand for an open Mediterranean region, as a necessary and crucial step towards a fairer world. Again, the last two months show that despite the increasing restrictions imposed upon freedom of movement, people will continue to move autonomously and with the support of civil society actors.
From the 1st of January until the 31st of August 2022:
• Over 40,794 people arrived in Italy, of which a significant number arrived autonomously
• 8,435 people were rescued by the civil fleet from 137 boats in distress (CMRCC figures)
• 11,612 people were pushed back to Libya, and 918 people died or are reported missing (IOM figures)
01 September 2022 — Published by Civil MRCC
IT MAKES A DIFFERENCE!”
Civil Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (CMRCC): this is not a future idea or a long-term vision. No, it is already a daily practice!
Since the end of Mare Nostrum, the Maltese and Italian MRCCs and Coast Guards became more and more dysfunctional for persons in distress, who had departed from Libya or Tunisia. The people on the move regularly experience non-assistance or even pushbacks as consequences of European racist migration policies. Civil fleet actors had to fulfill the gap left by authorities in the international areas of Libyan and Maltese search and rescue zones. The Alarm Phone hotline, which is working 24/7, found itself more and more often in a role as communication center for rescue coordination.
From the 1 st of January until the 30th of June 2022:
▪ Over 20.000 people arrived in Italy, a large part of which autonomously
▪ 5.378 people were rescued by the civil fleet from 84 boats in distress (CMRCC figures)
▪ 9.973 people were pushed back to Libya, and 777 people died or are reported missing (IOM figures)
07 January 2022 — Published by Civil MRCC
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